Using Multi-Temporal Satellite Data to Analyse Phenological Responses of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) to Climatic Variations in South Sumatra, Indonesia

Land surface phenology derived from satellite data provides insights into vegetation responses to climate change. This method has overcome laborious and time-consuming manual ground observation methods. In this study, we assessed the influence of on phenological metrics rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in South Sumatra, Indonesia, between 2010 2019. We modelled growth through normalised difference index (NDVI), using eight-day reflectance images at 250 m spatial resolution, sourced NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra Aqua satellites. The asymmetric Gaussian (AG) smoothing function was applied model TIMESAT extract three for each growing season: start season (SOS), end (EOS), length (LOS). then analysed effect rainfall temperature, which revealed that fluctuations SOS EOS are highly related disturbances such as extreme elevated temperature. Additionally, observed inter-annual variations associated with tree age clonal variability within plantations. 10-year monthly showed a significant downward upward trend temperature data, respectively. Temperature identified factor modulating phenology, where an increase 1 °C advanced by ~25 days ~14 days. These results demonstrate capability remote sensing observations monitor effects change phenology. information can be used improve management helping identify critical timing implementation agronomic interventions.